{"id":1017,"date":"2019-03-12T21:48:41","date_gmt":"2019-03-12T13:48:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/grahamnoble.com\/?p=1017"},"modified":"2019-03-12T21:53:05","modified_gmt":"2019-03-12T13:53:05","slug":"language-the-ultimate-technology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/grahamnoble.com\/en\/2019\/03\/12\/language-the-ultimate-technology\/","title":{"rendered":"Language, the ultimate technology!"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em>The following is the full text I prepared for my presentation at the 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.21clhk.org\/\">21st Century Learning<\/a> conference held in Hong Kong. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Good\nafternoon everyone. My name is Graham Noble and I am an ESL teacher at Delia\nSchool of Canada, here in Hong Kong. I\u2019ve been teaching language now from\nbefore the introduction of the iPhone and widespread WiFi. I hope that doesn\u2019t\nmake me sound too old, but if you do the math this only takes me back to before\n2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So\ntoday I\u2019ve come to talk about Language, and more specifically it\u2019s likely being\nthe \u201cultimate technology\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But\nfirst. An activity. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I\nneed a volunteer. If I can\u2019t get one, I\u2019ll choose someone. I promise I won\u2019t\nmake you do anything embarrassing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Great. Can you stand up? What\u2019s your name? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Just\nbefore you sit down. Can you turn in a circle? Great.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Raise\nyour right hand? Great.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Can\nyou tap your head and move your hand in a circular motion on your belly?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Can\nyou do that on one foot?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thank-you.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now,\nis there anyone here who speaks a language apart from English?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Do we have two people who speak the same language?<\/li><li>Okay, one of you go outside. <\/li><li>I need a third person who doesn\u2019t speak that language.<\/li><li>Now, I want you (first of pair who speaks the language) to tell me how to say      \u201cLanguage is amazing.\u201d in your language. <\/li><li>I want you, (the third person), to write the phrase as best as you can in that      language using English letters<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Now,\nlet\u2019s invite that person back in. Hi, can you read what\u2019s written on the board\nhere? Do you know what it says? I\u2019ll give you a hint. It\u2019s your language. Can\nyou translate it back to English for us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>This\nwas just a little activity, but I hope it demonstrated to you the power of\nlanguage, and the more specific power of writing, another form of language. For\nthe first part of this activity I got our friend _________ to stand up and\nfollow my spoken instructions. To be more specific. I caused vibrations to\nemanate from my mouth and throat, then, according to a range of frequencies\nthey travelled through the air to be scooped up by her\/his ears, down the ear\ncanal, bouncing along a few miniscule bones to trip a nerve that had their\nbrain translate those vibrations and connect them to pre-learned meanings. All\njust in a few seconds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In\npart two, with the activity involving the translations, we had our one\n___________ speaking friend encode strange sounds to a familiar phonetic schema\nusing English letters. The second ______speaking friend was then able to decode\nthe unfamiliar written form of their written language via the English letters\nto approximate sounds in her own language. Finally, the second person was able\nto retranslate the phrase back into English so that we could all understand it.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let\u2019s give a round of applause to our volunteers, our brains, ears, and this amazing thing called language.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>The title of this talk is Language: the ultimate technology. I hope my little demonstration sheds some light on the message I have today: that language is an unsung hero, but which is so critical to our humanity and so vital to education in an increasingly culturally, and linguistically diverse international education scene.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So\nI hope to do three things. First, I want to compare and contrast language and\ntechnology a little. Then\nI want to discuss what lessons and implications there are for our multilingual\nschools.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But\nfirst. Let\u2019s get some definitions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here\u2019s\na definition of language from Google:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><em>the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.<\/em><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Pretty good. I\u2019ll keep it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And\nhere\u2019s one for technology. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><em>the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry.<\/em><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Hmmm.\nA clear enough definition. I can see how buildings, railroads, internet cables,\nairports, the plastic in this room, and so on are clear applications of\nscientific knowledge. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From\nthe early human use of flint arrow heads and axes right up unto our present and\nrapidly increasing abilities to editing DNA, tech has given humans immense\npower over their environments. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But\nwhen we speak of technology in education, we are often implying digital\ntechnology. After all, although there are those who debate the pervasiveness of\npersonal devices in classrooms, no-one debates the improvement of paper and\nnotebooks over the old-school, pardon the pun, slate of our\ngreat-great-grandparents. Sadly, there are schools in the world where\nchalkboards remain the sole school-purposed technology in a classroom. This guy\nis an inspiring example.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-twitter aligncenter wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\"><p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Hey <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/MicrosoftAfrica?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@MicrosoftAfrica<\/a>, he\u2019s teaching MS Word on a blackboard. Surely you can get him some proper resources. <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/u8N3eXguXS\">https:\/\/t.co\/u8N3eXguXS<\/a><\/p>&mdash; Rebecca Enonchong (@africatechie) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/africatechie\/status\/967818279078252546?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">February 25, 2018<\/a><\/blockquote><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Anyways. Back to Google. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Google wasn\u2019t so helpful in proctoring a definition this time, so here\u2019s one from Dictionary.com.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>digital technology:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>noun, plural digital technologies for the branch of scientific or engineering knowledge that deals with the creation and practical use of digital or computerized devices, methods, systems, etc.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There\nwe go. Chalk and slate. Technology. Check. But is it digital technology? Uhhh. No.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It\njust doesn\u2019t quite connote the same thing when compared to computer coding,\nartificial intelligence, or neural mapping.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A pencil is old school tech, though, revealingly, it\u2019s still deeply embedded within our schools. Here\u2019s a scene from Minority Report set in the future with cars that can travel on buildings, immersive virtual reality. Tom Cruise&#8217;s characters is just donning his gloves to prepare for some hyper hi-tech screen manipulation action. And there\u2019s still paper and pencils on the desk!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"723\" height=\"407\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/hILY1lw6c64?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>I\ndo wish to make that subtle distinction between technology (tools, applied\nscience) in general and digital technology in specific, but I also feel it\nimportant to allow those ideas to be blended. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let me now look at the features of technology and language.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Features of technology.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>It keeps satellites in space after launching them<\/li><li>We now have <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=isRaHszrPc4\">nanobots capable of delivering sperm<\/a> to eggs<\/li><li>It organizes people in cities<\/li><li>Totalitarianism is only possible through technology. Just think how excited Ghengis Khan would be living today with the tech and surveillance.<\/li><li>In classrooms, easy access to tech has threatened, but not necessarily        broken, traditional methods of instruction.<\/li><li>Technology challenges the importance of knowledge <\/li><li>Not all technologies are in danger of obsolescence, like our pencil, but they        must all be on guard. Think typewriters, computer labs, SmartBOARDS<\/li><li>Much has been made of the influence of the industrial education and its influence on public education, but we\u2019ve always needed methods of organization as group sizes increase. Technology facilitates this.<\/li><li>Technology has a massive appetite, a massive physical footprint. <\/li><li>Technology begets more technology, but it also creates dependencies. Every time there is a power outage, we realize how completely dependent we are on        technology. Sure, we can physically survive without much of modern        technology, but not well, or for long. <\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Features of language<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So what about language. Let\u2019s look at some of its features:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>As I discussed earlier, language by itself is an arbitrary assigning of sounds to meaning. There is evidence that our brains are preprogrammed to acquire language, and it\u2019s possible that there is an underlying language structure beneath all languages which is rooted in our brains. The verdict is not yet out. While people like Elon Musk argue that there is no specific direction to technology, most of us would argue that there is a great deal of human labour involved in propagating it and developing it. Except for those of use who\u2019ve tried to learn a new language as a teen or adult, we didn\u2019t do all that much for the first part. It sort of just happened. Languages can and have emerged within short periods of time, but we have not been able to observe the relationship of language to the human brain over the course of thousands of years. Nothing is preserved from language prior to about 6000 years ago. Neurons don\u2019t fossilize well. <\/li><li>Language likely needs our brains. But, paradoxically, our humanity is arguably baked into language. Any normal child, which is the vast majority of children, will acquire a spoken\/signed language provided they are given enough input growing up. And the linguistic input doesn\u2019t even have to be good quality. Deaf children can assemble a stable, complex language from highly imperfect signed input. And when deaf people speak, they are using the same parts of the brain that non-deaf people use. <\/li><li>There are unfortunate cases of ferile or imprisoned children that have had no exposure to language. Unfortunately, they do grow up without an ability to effectively communicate, even if exposed to language later on. They\u2019ve missed a critical window of opportunity. And just to be clear, all of you who worry that you\u2019ve missed a critical period in learning a second language, please remember this doesn\u2019t apply to you. You probably don\u2019t want to learn or need to learn badly enough.<\/li><li>Modern homo-sapiens have existed for some 200000 years. Although we have no record that people have spoken for this long the accepted consensus is that we have. Written language is much younger, less than 4000 years. Our brains haven\u2019t had enough time to evolve brain structures to make this possible. This explains why it\u2019s quite rare to find a child that cannot speak any language, but the presence of struggling readers are a very real and important concern in our schools.<\/li><li>It\u2019s only since the invention of the printing press, that written forms of language have started to solidify and slow down the evolution of language. A big win for written language, was the standardization of spelling that emerged. For English speakers, the standardization was too little, too late, what with all our chaotic spelling rules. <\/li><li>Another very recent concept has been the idea that there are fixed boundaries between languages. The nation state, with its fixed borders and official languages, have suggested that there are these boundaries between languages as well. But as the linguist Bickerton noted, \u201cYou could walk from the middle of France with a pure French to the middle of Spain where pure Spanish is spoken, but where along the way in each adjoining village the people would be able to understand each other.\u201d<\/li><li>The old saying \u201csticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me\u201d is literally true, for it\u2019s not the sound waves of the words or the ink of the letters that cause the harm, but rather the tweet, or the cyber-bullying message. It\u2019s the tech associated with words that has causes and has the potential to cause so much suffering. The pen may be mightier than the sword, but a thousand angry people united in word are pretty might too!<\/li><li>The only footprint of language is our brains. Admittedly, without a recording system, our repository of knowledge and common experience is limited. <\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Language, technology, and memory: similarities between language and technology<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now that we\u2019ve seen some of the features of technology and language, let\u2019s look at some important similarities between language and technology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We have no record of all that has been said. And it can be more difficult to infer what has occurred in a culture when there are no written records. Spoken language and the knowledge contained and transmitted through oral traditions was ephemeral and subject to change. The emergence of writing was a game changer, first in the recording of business accounts, \u201cSee, you owe me 90 bags of rice, not 19! I wrote it down, here.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Later the practical application to writing down speech came about, and of course the shaping of histories and culture. Writing improved the accuracy of memory, but it was never without its flaws. We see this today where the objectivity of video is not always so clear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But writing was nevertheless an important innovation. There\u2019s a scene in the       dramatized historical Netflix TV series called The Last Kingdom where King Alfred, the scholar king who successfully united the Anglo-Saxons, carefully recorded all that happened as a record for posterity, and the illiterate Danish Vikings couldn\u2019t figure out what was going on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"723\" height=\"407\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Zz3WuCtSa6U?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><figcaption><br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Writing becomes a part of the historical record, both as record, but also as influencer of record. Likewise, the technological evidence of humanity is clear in archaeological records. Without a written history, we can still trace the story of humanity&#8217;s struggle against the elements, each other, and existence through the remnants of spears, cave art, ancient roads, tombs, and altered landscapes. Archaeologists of the future will have the added ability to navigate and look at digital relics. When Facebook or Google have gone belly up, where will our selfies, videos, and sexts be. Physically stored in some data storage facility or a recycling dump in Ghana? Or maybe as long as there is an internet, which is, we must remember, physically connected to physical things like data centers and hard-drives, perhaps an AI can scrounge for the fragments and reassemble us. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Just as language is rooted in our brain, and we are dependent on language to make sense of our world, digital technologies and products, are physically dependent on hard-drives, data servers, electricity. It\u2019d be tricky, but it\u2019s technically possible to corrupt or destroy all data stored around the earth. Digital technology appears ephemeral, but it has a very physical base. Spoken language also has an ephemeral quality to it, and if left unrecorded or unwritten, both messages and vessel will become extinct. This is indeed the case with dozens of languages each year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Is everyone still with me? I\u2019m getting to the take-away.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Language, Technology, and International Education<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We are all involved in education here, directly as educators, or supporting the infrastructure or personnel of those that are. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now\nwhat about language and technology in the classroom. What\u2019s the practical\napplication in all this. If language is technology, so what. If it isn\u2019t, does\nit even matter?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Well\nif the point of education is to prepare and equip children for an uncertain\nfuture, then we must seriously confront the enormity of the digital revolution\nat hand. We have to ask the same questions now that we have only ever asked of\nlanguage. While it might seem ludicrous to ask: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cAm\nI human without my smartphone?\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cCan\nI think without its help?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cHow\nsoon will it be before I even need the written word? When I can interact with\nthe world with a phone and an earbud?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cDo\nI even need to learn another language? I\u2019ve got Microsoft or Google Translate\nto help me.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But\nis it ludicrous to ask, \u201cAm I human without language?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We\nembraced writing, an unnatural, technological innovation. Post writing, have we\nbecome more human?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And\nnow with the increasing penetration of digital technology, machine translation,\nartificial intelligence, and tech-assisted learning, can we be without it?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The\nmiracle of language is that once everyone in a community is on the same page\n(so to speak), language takes root and propagates. With spoken language,\nnaturally. As we\u2019ve seen, children, even, can take imperfect languages and\ncombine them to form a fixed and stable new language. Writing will continue\ntoo, but it needs a more intentional propagation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While it might seem a bit dramatic, humanity in general, and perhaps education in particular is at a cross-roads. On the one hand, we cannot imagine our humanity without language. On the other hand, we cannot imagine our humanity without the massive benefits of tech and digital tech. Or can we?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Language, technology, and education as means to other ends<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Language is a means to an end. Whatever selective pressures pushed our sapien ancestors\u2019 brains to make use of the power to develop language, it eventually led to all of this. Writing paved the way for the dismantling of a monopolistic church in the West and lead to the systematicity that helped enable the scientific revolution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The means of language is communication, whether through vibrations created in the mouth and received via the ear, through squiggles on slate, in a book, or on a computer screen. The means may soon involve permanent earbuds or brain implants. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And\nthe end. That END will likely be debated forever, but in our schools we must\nsee that we use digital technology as a means to other ends. We must, I\nbelieve, be more modest in assuming that tech solutions necessarily humanize us,\nor that they have no impact on our planet. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So what of\nall this. What\u2019s my take-away. Well let me try to share it via an anecdote.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Just last week, my Grade 4-6 ESL students completed a series of formal debates. The main purpose of the debates was to get the students a little out of their comfort zones, articulate, deliver, and respond to arguments on a variety of topics. The kids were great, with reasoned arguments, and rebuttals witty enough for the opposition in the House of Commons, or a celebrity trial before a jury. And what was our tech? Vibrations from the mouth. Squiggles on paper and pixels on a screen to serve as cues. And all of it, done in a second language. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What my students were doing was no different from what our ancestors were doing thousands of years ago, trying to figure out better ways to take down a mammoth, outwit the lion, survive the winter, find the water. Or just sit around the fire and regale one another with stories. Trying to put words to our emotions and make sense of our place in the cosmos. But the basis of all of this is language, by its very definition, a shared experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But here\u2019s the more serious take home message. International schools are filled as they never have been before with a greater diversity of language than ever before. This does pose challenges to the way that curriculum is delivered. The language of choice in international schools is English. And one of our primary duties as educators is to establish a strong literacy to accompany a strong oral linguistic ability. And might I stress, that maintaining this mission is our most important mission. More important than tech literacy, coding, STEM, because it is all of those things as well. Administrative stakeholders need to be aware of the selective pressures put on non-native speaking English parents through requiring English proficiency for admission. Where children may lose their first language in pursuit of the competitive advantage that English offers. Teachers must be supported as they work with their English Learners, so that high levels of literacy and fluency are achieved with realistic time frames and relevant support. The Anglo-West needs to embrace the linguistic diversity and multilingualism that is the norm in most parts of the world and through much of history. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It cannot be\nthe case where a quality international education is one associated with high\ndegrees of fluency and literacy in English, and yet that is the tacit message\nof a majority of international schools.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Education is a means to an end, and one of those means is the development of a strong literacy. Our brains can handle whatever language is thrown at them, a result of hundreds of thousands, if not millions of years of evolution. But literacy, the technological innovation which took place some 4000 years ago, and which only moved from the elite to the wider society in the last 150 years, is not a natural phenomenon. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now that we are well into the 21<sup>st<\/sup> century, might I argue that multilingualism is THE technology that we should that we should be nurturing and developing in our international schools. After-all, as much as I love English, it\u2019s just one of some 6000 languages done by earth\u2019s 7.5 billion people. As educators, let\u2019s join parents, governments, the media, and all other relevant stakeholders to ensure that language, perhaps the greatest technology, is central to 21<sup>st<\/sup> century education. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How language should be at the heart of education, even in the 21st century<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1018,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"Language, the ultimate technology! Or, how language should be the centerpiece of education in the 21st century.","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1342,858,50518603,8408,6],"tags":[50518746,50518703,50518750,50518625,50518571,50518747,10679,50518673,50518604,50518730,50518749,50518626,50518599,50518751,50518748,50518574,50518557,50518570,50518752],"class_list":["post-1017","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-education","category-essay","category-language","category-reflection","category-technology","tag-anglo-saxon","tag-anglophone","tag-digital","tag-education","tag-english","tag-humanity","tag-identity","tag-international-education","tag-language","tag-literacy","tag-schooling","tag-schools","tag-speaking","tag-spoken-language","tag-teachers","tag-teaching","tag-technology","tag-writing","tag-written-language"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/grahamnoble.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/ezgif.com-crop-1.gif","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9LLGe-gp","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/grahamnoble.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1017","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/grahamnoble.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/grahamnoble.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grahamnoble.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grahamnoble.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1017"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/grahamnoble.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1017\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1020,"href":"https:\/\/grahamnoble.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1017\/revisions\/1020"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grahamnoble.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1018"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/grahamnoble.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1017"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grahamnoble.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1017"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grahamnoble.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1017"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}